IESL PART III LECTURE NOTES

Electronic Communication & Computer Engineering

301. Mathematics 

309. Electronic Systems Engineering 

310. Communication Systems Engineering 

311. Computer Systems Engineering 

323. Control Systems Engineering 

326. Software Systems Engineering  

 301 MATHEMATICS 

Mathematical Methods 30 hrs

Complex variables : Analytical functions and Cauchy – Riemann equations. Cauchy’s integral formula and applications. Taylor and Laurent series. Contour integration. Introduction of conformal mapping.

Partial differential equations : classification of second-order partial differential equations. Solutions by separation of variables. Fourier series application to boundary value problem.

Fourier Transform and applications : Nonperiodic function, fourier transform, properties of fourier transform and applications.

Probability and Statistics 20 hrs

Discrete and Continuous variate, Expectation, mean and variance of Binomial, poisson, Exponential, Normal Distribution. Estimation, sampling distribution, central limit theorem. Confidence intervals for mean and variance. Hypothesis tests for mean, proportions, variance , difference between proportion, means and variance including T and F-tests. The goodness-of-fit test and contingency tables. Scatter diagrams, regression, correlation, least squares estimation and hypothesis tests in linear regression.

Numerical Methods 20 hrs

Solution of sets of non-linear equations Numerical optimization problems (direct search and simple gradient methods. Matrixe cigenvalue and eigen value determination including direct and inverse iteration and shift of simple finite difference techniques for initial-value and boundary-value problems in ordinary and partial differential equations and systems. Phase plane and isoclinal curves. Taylor series, Runge – Kutta process. Explicit and implicit procedures, simple ideas on errors and stability introduction to method of characteristics.

Computing 10 hrs

Working knowledge of programming in one high-level Language (e.g. Fortran, Basic or Pascal), including sub-programs, arrays and subscripts, strings and graphics. Use of computer packages. Algorithms , Flow diagrams Applications in Numerical Methods and Statistics.

 307 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II

Design concepts of Machines 06 hrs

Main Design parameters and their relation to machine performance ; electric and magnetic loading; output power equations of ac and dc machines ; factors affecting size of machine; choic of specific loadings, no. of poles, diameter and length of core, air gap length, standard frames.

AC Windings 08 hrs

Electrical Angle, Emf Polygon, phase grouping, phase spread, advantages of double layer windings over single layer windings arrangement of double layer integral slot windings, short pitched windings, selection of number of parallel paths per phase. Flux per pole, induced emf of concentrated fully pitched  windings, distribution factor pitch factor and winding factor : all these of fundamental and harmonics, effects of harmonics Mmf distribution of concentrated and distributed windings, effects of short pitching on mmf. 

Synchronous Machines 14 hrs

Construction of hydro generators and turbo-alternators; equivalent circuits for cylindrical rotor and salient pole types (two – axis theory), operating characteristics, power factor control, v-curves, power angle characteristics, synchronizing power , concept of stability, hunting and damper windings, measurement of Xs, Xd, Xq; effects of saturation on synchronizing to infinite bus bars ; power sharing between parallel generators; excitation systems ; transient behaviour of synchronous generators.

Low Power machines 12 hrs

Single – Phase induction Motor : Types ;construction, operating principle, starting and running performance, determination of capacitance for maximum torque, limitations for the machine, areas of application.

AC Commutator Motor : Construction, operating principle, starting and running performance, areas of application.

PM Brushless de motor : Construction : operating principles, controlling, performance comparison with other types of motors areas of application

Stepper Motor :Construction of different types ; methods of controlling , drive circuits, operating characteristics, areas if application.

Switched Reluctance Motor :Construction, principle of operation, torque characteristics, methods of control , drive circuits, controlling.

Harmonic Aspects of Machines 06 hrs

Harmonic generation by synchronous and induction machines, transformers and power converters, time and space harmonics, harmonics in air gap mmf, harmonic performance of induction, dc, synchronous machines and transformers, their harmonic equivalent circuits.

Introduction to Drives 04 hrs

Comparison of controlled drives, drive specifications load characteristics of common applications, transducers used in a drive, principles of closed loop control, measurement of system parameters such as inertia.

Power Converters 06 hrs

Circuit Diagrams, operating principles, device ratings, controlling methods, dynamic model of following types of power converters, single-phase and three – phase bridge rectifiers (fully and half controlled), dual converter, self commutated dc-dc converters (choppers) classes A-E, Self-commutated dc-ac converters (inverters) voltage source type with PWM operation.

DC Motor Drives 12 hrs

Steady – state operation of separately – excited dc motor fed by rectifiers, armature voltage and field voltage control, rectifiers for 1,2, & 4 quadrant operation of dc motors, continuous and discontinuous conduction, starting and breaking dc series motor drives. Steady – state operation of chopper fed separately – excited dc motors, armature voltage control and field voltage control , pulse width control and current control, current ripple and its effects, switching frequency comparison with rectifier red drives, dc series motor drives 

Dynamics and closed loop control: elements and their dynamic models of a closed loop speed control system with inner current loop using a separately excited dc motor, operation of this system for input command changes and load changes. Transient behaviour of open-loop controlled dc machines analysed using differential equations.

 308 POWER SYSTEMS II

Energy Planning and management 20 hrs

Energy economy interaction, GDP elasticity, demand forecasting, policy analysis and energy planning. Supply side issues of energy management Demand side issues of energy management, End user energy conservation and efficiency improvement.

Power System Economics and planning 09 hrs

Economic operation of a power system considering transmission losses, merit order loading. Long term and short term planning Reliability and probabilistic production costing, Availability, Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) Loss of load Probability (LOLP), etc.

Power Flow Analysis 15 hrs

Analog methods of power flow analysis 

Dc and ac network analysers

Digital methods of analysis

Power flow algorithms and flow charts analysis using iterative techniques

Introduction to modern techniques of load flow analysis, Artificial intelligence applications, etc.

Power System stability 15 hrs

Steady state stability : Power angel diagram, effect of voltage regulation, swing equation.

Transient stability , equal area criterion, stability under fault conditions, step by step solution of swing equation.

Stability and control issues of an isolates small power systems in remote areas or small islands, wind/diesel, hydro/diesel, solar/diesel, etc, Hybrid systems

Power System Control 12 hrs

Generator control

Machine modeling for steady state and transient operation

Active power and frequency control

Reactive power and voltage control

Control characteristics of hydro, thermal, nuclear wind and other different categories of power plants

System Grounding 06 hrs

Ungrounded, effectively grounded, resistance grounded, reactance grounded and resonant grounded systems.

Substation earthing.

Mechanical Characteristics of Overhead lines 06 hrs

Choice of route, types of towers, conductor spacing and configuration. Sag and span calculations, sag templates, stringing charts.

POWER SYSTEMS PAST PAPERS 

309 ELECTRONIC SYSTEM ENGINEERING 

Operational Amplifier Applications 10 hrs

Design of Active Filters, oscillators circuits, comparator circuits, Schmidtt triggersl analog computers.

Power Amplifiers 10 hrs

Principle of Operation of class A, B, AB, C & d power amplifiers, derivation of power efficiency, effects on wave form distortion, power BJTs and MOSFET devices, thermal dissipation, practical circuits, audio power amplifier, HF Power amplifiers.

Power Supplies 10 hrs

Voltage stabilization and regulation, series, shunt and switching types of regulators, principle of operation and practical circuits, IC regulator chips and their applications, DC-DC converters , buck ,boost and buck-boost types, Flyback, half-bridge and full-bridge types, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), on line, of line and line interactive types.

Special Electronics Devices 08 hrs

Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) : construction, characteristics and circuits , DIACS and TRIACS : Construction , characteristics and circuits, optoelectronic devices Photodiodes and transistors, LEDS Opto-couplers, LCDs, UJTs and applications in control circuits.

Programmable Logic Devices and Semiconductor Memories 10 hrs

PLDs, : Basic organization, Principles of operation, applications & typical ICs , classification of memories, basic memory cells of ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, static & dynamic RAM, internal organizations, typical pin organization of common memory packages.

Digital to Analog and Analog to Digital convertors 06 hrs

D/A convertors : weighted resistor & R-2R ladder types ; A/D convertors, counter, successive approximation, and flash types, practical circuits and applications, typical ICs.

Microprocessor Systems 16 hrs

Von Neuman model of a computer, LSI and VLSI devices used in microcomputer systems ; CPU Organisation, machine code, assembly programming and high level language concepts ; Hardware and the architecture of a representative microprocessor, pin organization, interfacing to memory , instruction set, user level registers, assembly programming.

Computer Interfacing 10 hrs

General interface concepts ; common peripherals and their interface circuits (keyboard, printer, VDU), common serial and parallel interface standards; interface buses; IEEE-488 instrumentation bus.

 319 HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING 

Breakdown of Gaseous, Liquid and Solid Insulation 10 Hours

Ionization processes, Breakdown of gases: electron avalanche mechanism Townsend current growth, Paschen’s Law, Streamer Theory of breakdown, Time lags of spark breakdown. Coronal Discharges, Mechanism of corona formation, corona loss.

Breakdown in Liquids: Breakdown due to gaseous inclusion , liquid globules, solid particles. Breakdown of solid insulating materials: Intrinsic breakdown, electromechanical breakdown, breakdown due to internal discharges, surface breakdown, thermal breakdown, electro-chemical breakdown, chemical deterioration.

High Voltage Transient Analysis 18 Hours

Lightning stroke mechanism: frequency of occurrence of flashes. Transmission lines: Shielding by earth wires, shielding angle, area of attraction to lightning. Direct strokes to phase conductor, tower, earth wire. Indirect strokes.

Surges on transmission lines: Surge impedance and velocity of propagation. Energy stored in surge. Reflection of  traveling waves at a junction, bewley lattice diagram, reflection and transmission at a T – junction. Transform Methods of solving transients.

High Voltage Cables 10 Hours

Classification of high voltage cables. Power loss in the cable: dielectric loss, conductor loss, sheath loss, inters heath loss; Cross-bonding of cables. Insulation resistance and capacitance of single phase and three phase cables. Copper space factor.

Di- electric stress in single core cable: Cable grading for uniform stress distribution, capacitance grading, intersheath grading.

Thermal design of cables: current rating. Thermal resistance of single-core cables, three-core cables, protective coverings, ground around cable, cables exposed to air.

High voltage bushings: Simple cylindrical bushing, condenser bushing. 

Measurement of High Voltage 12 Hours 

Direct measurement of High Voltages: Electrostatic voltmeters, sphere gaps, Transformer and potential divider methods of measurement: Transformer ratio method, Resistive potential divider, capacitive klydonograph, peak reading voltmeters, oscilloscope for measurement of fast transients. 

Measurement of capacitance and loss tangent: High voltage Schering bridge, dielectric loss measurement using oscilloscope, detection of internal discharges, measurement of dielectric constant and dissipation factor of a liquid dielectric using resonance.

High Voltage Generation for testing 12 Hours

Generation of High Alternation Voltages: cascade arrangement of transformers, resonant transformers.

Generation of high direct voltage: rectifier circuits, voltage multiplier circuits. Electrostatic generators: van de Graeff generator, sames generator.

High voltage impulse generators: Double exponential waveform, calculation of coefficients a and b from resistance and capacitance values, definition of wavefront and wavetail times of practical waveforms.

Uncontrolled operation, controlled operation of impulse generator, Trigatron gap. Multi-stage impulse generators. Generation of chopped impulse waveforms.

High Voltage Testing 12 Hours

General tests carried out on high voltage equipment: sustained low-frequency tests, high voltage direct current tests, surge tests. Type tests, sample tests, routine tests.

Testing of solid dielectric materials: determination of dielectric strength. 

Insulation co-ordination in electric power systems 10 Hours

Conventional method of insulation coordination

Statistical method of insulation coordination: Evaluation of risk factor length of overhead shielding wire, modification of wave shape by corona

Surge protection: Spark gaps for surge protection, expulsion tube lightning arrestor, surge diverters; selection of surge diverters, separation limit for lightning arrestors.

323 CONTROL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 

 Section A - Linear Control Systems 32 Hours

A 1 Introduction 02 Hours

Simple properties of open and closed - loop systems. Terminology, Qualitative description of simple control systems. Concepts of accuracy, precision, stability, and sensitivity.

A2 Transient and Steady State Analysis 18 Hours

Dynamics of simple linear devices and systems, covering differential equations for basic electrical, mechanical, thermal , fluidic elements such as inductor, capacitor, mass, viscous friction, thermal storage element, fluid storage; Representation of dynamic systems using higher-order differential equations; Definition of laplace transform, properties useful for control engineers, unit impulse, unit step and unit ramp functions, free and forced response, transfer function, transient and steady state responses, position error constant, velocity error constant, transfer function of simple engineering systems such a R _C circuits, unity and nonunity feedback systems, overall transfer function, block diagram representation of systems, rules for manipulating block diagrams. Characteristic equation, pole-zero representation, closed-loop time domain specifications, Routh-Herwitz criterion.

A3 Frequency Domain Analysis 12 Hours

Basis for frequency domain analysis, steady state response of linear systems to sinusoidal inputs and general periodic inputs. Output response of nonunity feedback systems to sinusoidal inputs, Nyquist stability criterion, gain and phase margin, bode diagrams, Nichol's chart, series compensation using phase-lead compensators.

Section B - State vector Equations and Nonlinear systems 34 Hours

B 1. State - Variable Analysis for single-input single-output (SISO) systems 08 Hours

Representation of higher order constant coefficient differential equations for SISO systems using a set of first order differential equations, has variable canonical form, characteristic equation and eigenvalues, transfer function, pole-zero cancellation.

B 2. State- Variable Analysis for general systems 16 Hours

General vector-matrix differential equations for systems, classification of systems by (i) system order (ii) number of inputs (iii) number of outputs (iv) time dependence or independence (V) analog or discrete (vi) linear or nonlinear (vii) homogeneous or non Homogeneous, equilibrium points, linearization of systems about a given operating point. 

Section C - Nonlinear Systems, Discrete Systems, and Process control 24 Hours

C 1. Nonlinear Control Systems 06 hours

Comparison of linear and nonlinear control systems, mathematical models for (i) ideal relay, (ii) deadband, (iii) backlash, (iv) nonlinear springs, (v) hysteresis and (vi) friction, linearization around operating point, phase-plane method, describing function, limit cycle oscillations, liapunov method, use of explicit Euler and classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to solve nonlinear systems.

C 2. Discrete Systems

Difference equations, z-transforms, system transfer function of SISO systems, stability with reference to the location of poles in the Z plane (state-space model for discrete systems, discretization of continuous systems not included), samplers in analog control systems, pulse transfer function, zero-order hold, analysis of analog feedback systems with one sampler ( discrete , controllers no included),

C 3. Transducers and Actuators 06 hours

Transducer performance and specifications, transducers for the measurement o linear and angular displacement, force, velocity and acceleration, pressure difference, temperature detector (RTD), thermal and transport lag, use of strain gauges.

Various types of actuators, representation of actuator dynamics using transfer function, conversion of actuator driving signals from electrical to pneumatic actuators with digital inputs and digital outputs.

C4. Programmable Logic Controllers PLC

Introduction, specifications of PLC's programming hardware (Hand-held) terminal and computer) , software for programming – matrix programming, statement list (STL) and ladder diagram (LDR) programming, entities inside PLC such as inputs, outputs, pulse timers, on-timers, delay-off timers, counters, flags, practical training on LDR programming of a process involving a maximum of three inputs, three outputs, one timer, one flag and not more than five rungs.

327 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

Managerial Accounting and Finance 20 hrs

Business Units

Types of business organisations, Capital , structure, major sources of finance for business, working capital.

Book-keeping and Cost Accounting.

Theory of double entry, cash book, the petty cash book, the journal, the ledger the trial balance, profit and loss account and the balance sheet.

Management Accounting

Cost for decision making, marginal costing, profitability, long-range planning, capital investment appraisals.

ORGANISATIONS 12 hrs

The nature of individual and groups to work attitudes, job satisfaction and motivation. Leadership and being a

manager. Training and development of human resources.

THE ECONOMY AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY OF SRI LANKA 10 hrs

Natural resources population growth, structure of the economy and balance in the economy factors inhibiting growth, balance of payments.

The role of the government and its instinstitutions with regard to industrial development.

MARKETING

The marketing function, marketing system and marketing concept.Importance of marketing in the economy, customer relations.

PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY TECHNIQUES 12 hrs

Understanding operations and the system approach to operations.

Productivity – Changes, improvements and costs.

Capacity decisions, facility locations and material management.

Quality Management – Quality control, quality assurance, total quality management and ISO 900 series. Costs of Quantity.

QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES 12 hrs

Techniques required for managerial decisions. Statistical inference, correlation and regression, time series analysis, linear programming and network analysis.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Public administration in Sri Lanka, politics, public administration, and development. Provincial administration. Public policy analysis, development planning, & economic policy. Public enterprises management.

ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PAST PAPERS 

IESL PART III (C) : GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH PROJECT